[comment {-*- tcl -*- doctools manpage}]
[manpage_begin pt::param n 1.1]
[keywords {virtual machine}]
[include include/module.inc]
[titledesc {PackRat Machine Specification}]
[description]
[include include/ref_intro.inc]

Welcome to the PackRat Machine (short: [term PARAM]), a virtual
machine geared towards the support of recursive descent parsers,
especially packrat parsers. Towards this end it has features like the
caching and reuse of partial results, the caching of the encountered
input, and the ability to backtrack in both input and AST creation.

[para]

This document specifies the machine in terms of its architectural
state and instruction set.

[section {Architectural State}]

Any PARAM implementation has to manage at least the following state:

[list_begin definitions]
[def "[term Input] (IN)"]

This is the channel the characters to process are read from.
[vset INS0 {Input Handling}][include include/param_1is.inc]

[def "[term {Current Character}] (CC)"]

The character from the [term input] currently tested against its
possible alternatives.

[vset INS0 {Character Processing}][include include/param_1is.inc]

[def "[term {Current Location}] (CL)"]

The location of the [term {current character}] in the [term input], as
offset relative to the beginning of the input. Character offsets are
counted from [const 0].

[vset INS0 {Character Processing}]
[vset INS1 {Location Handling}]
[vset INS2 {Nonterminal Execution}][include include/param_3is.inc]

[def "[term {Location Stack}] (LS)"]

A stack of locations in the [term input], saved for possible
backtracking.

[vset INS0 {Character Processing}]
[vset INS1 {Location Handling}]
[vset INS2 {Nonterminal Execution}][include include/param_3is.inc]

[def "[term Status] (ST)"]

The status of the last attempt of testing the [term input], indicating
either success or failure.

[vset INS0 {Status Control}]
[vset INS1 {Character Processing}]
[vset INS2 {Nonterminal Execution}][include include/param_3is.inc]

[def "[term {Semantic Value}] (SV)"]

The current semantic value, either empty, or a node for AST
constructed from the input.

[vset INS0 {Value Construction}]
[vset INS1 {AST Construction}][include include/param_2is.inc]

[def "[term {AST Reduction Stack}] (ARS)"]

The stack of partial ASTs constructed during the processing of
nonterminal symbols.

[vset INS0 {Value Construction}]
[vset INS1 {AST Construction}][include include/param_2is.inc]

[def "[term {AST Stack}] (AS)"]

The stack of reduction stacks, saved for possible backtracking.

[vset INS0 {Value Construction}]
[vset INS1 {AST Construction}][include include/param_2is.inc]

[def "[term {Error Status}] (ER)"]

The machine's current knowledge of errors. This is either empty, or
set to a pair of location in the input and the set of messages for
that location.

[para]
[emph Note] that this part of the machine's state can be set even if
the last test of the [term {current character}] was successful. For
example, the *-operator (matching a sub-expression zero or more times)
in a PEG is always successful, even if it encounters a problem further
in the input and has to backtrack. Such problems must not be forgotten
when continuing the parsing.

[vset INS0 {Error Handling}]
[vset INS1 {Character Processing}]
[vset INS2 {Nonterminal Execution}][include include/param_3is.inc]

[def "[term {Error Stack}] (ES)"]

The stack of error stati, saved for backtracking. This enables the
machine to merge current and older error stati when performing
backtracking in choices after an failed match.

[vset INS0 {Error Handling}]
[vset INS1 {Character Processing}]
[vset INS2 {Nonterminal Execution}][include include/param_3is.inc]

[def "[term {Nonterminal Cache}] (NC)"]

A cache of machine states keyed by pairs name of nonterminal symbol
and location in the input. Each pair (N, L) is associated with a
4-tuple holding the values to use for CL, ST, SV, and ER after the
nonterminal N was parsed starting from the location L.

It is a performance aid for backtracking parsers, allowing them to
avoid an expensive reparsing of complex nonterminal symbols if they
have been encountered before at a given location.

[para]

The key location is where machine started the attempt to match the
named nonterminal symbol, and the location in the saved 4-tuple is
where machine ended up after the attempt completed, independent of the
success of the attempt.

[vset INS0 {Nonterminal Execution}][include include/param_1is.inc]

[def "[term {Terminal Cache}] (TC)"]

A cache of characters read from IN, with their location in IN as pair
of line and column, keyed by the location in IN, this time as
character offset from the beginning of IN.

It is a performance aid for backtracking parsers, allowing them to
avoid a possibly expensive rereading of characters from IN, or even
enabling backtracking at, i.e. in the case of IN not randomly
seekable.

[vset INS0 {Input Handling}][include include/param_1is.inc]

[list_end]

[section {Instruction Set}]

With the machine's architectural state specified it is now possible to
specify the instruction set operating on that state and to be
implemented by any realization of the PARAM. The 37 instructions are
grouped roughly by the state they influence and/or query during their
execution.

[subsection {Input Handling}]

The instructions in this section mainly access IN, pulling the
characters to process into the machine.

[list_begin definitions]
[def "[cmd input_next] [arg msg]"]

This method reads the next character, i.e. the character after CL,
from IN. If successful this character becomes CC, CL is advanced by
one, ES is cleared, and the operation is recorded as a success in ST.

[para]

The operation may read the character from IN if the next character
is not yet known to TC. If successful the new character is stored in
TC, with its location (line, column), and the operation otherwise
behaves as specified above. Future reads from the same location,
possible due to backtracking, will then be satisfied from TC instead
of IN.

[para]

If, on the other hand, the end of IN was reached, the operation is
recorded as failed in ST, CL is left unchanged, and the pair of CL and
[arg msg] becomes the new ES.

[list_end]

[subsection {Character Processing}]

The instructions in this section mainly access CC, testing it against
character classes, ranges, and individual characters.

[list_begin definitions]

[def [cmd test_alnum]]
[vset OP alnum][include include/param_special.inc]

[def [cmd test_alpha]]
[vset OP alpha][include include/param_special.inc]

[def [cmd test_ascii]]
[vset OP ascii][include include/param_special.inc]

[def "[cmd test_char] [arg char]"]

This instruction implements the character matching operator, i.e. it
checks if CC is [arg char].
[include include/param_okfail.inc]

[def [cmd test_ddigit]]
[vset OP ddigit][include include/param_special.inc]

[def [cmd test_digit]]
[vset OP digit][include include/param_special.inc]

[def [cmd test_graph]]
[vset OP graph][include include/param_special.inc]

[def [cmd test_lower]]
[vset OP lower][include include/param_special.inc]

[def [cmd test_print]]
[vset OP print][include include/param_special.inc]

[def [cmd test_punct]]
[vset OP punct][include include/param_special.inc]

[def "[cmd test_range] [arg chars] [arg chare]"]

This instruction implements the range matching operator, i.e. it
checks if CC falls into the interval of characters spanned up by the
two characters from [arg chars] to [arg chare], both inclusive.
[include include/param_okfail.inc]

[def [cmd test_space]]
[vset OP space][include include/param_special.inc]

[def [cmd test_upper]]
[vset OP upper][include include/param_special.inc]

[def [cmd test_wordchar]]
[vset OP wordchar][include include/param_special.inc]

[def [cmd test_xdigit]]
[vset OP xdigit][include include/param_special.inc]

[list_end]

[subsection {Error Handling}]

The instructions in this section mainly access ER and ES.

[list_begin definitions]

[def [cmd error_clear]]

This instruction clears ER.

[def [cmd error_push]]

This instruction makes a copy of ER and pushes it on ES.

[def [cmd error_pop_merge]]

This instruction takes the topmost entry of ES and merges the error
status it contains with ES, making the result the new ES.

[para]

The merge is governed by four rules, with the merge result

[list_begin enumerated][comment {---------------------------- merge rules ---}]
[enum]
Empty if both states are empty.

[enum]
The non-empty state if only one of the two states is non-empty.

[enum]
The state with the larger location, if the two states specify
different locations.

[enum]
The pair of the location shared by the two states, and the set-union
of their messages for states at the same location.

[list_end][comment {----------------------------------------- merge rules ---}]

[def "[cmd error_nonterminal] [arg symbol]"]

This is a guarded instruction. It does nothing if either ES is empty,
or if the location in ES is not just past the last location saved in
LS. Otherwise it sets the pair of that location and the nonterminal
[arg symbol] as the new ES.

[para]
[emph Note]: In the above "just past" means "that location plus one",
or also "the location of the next character after that location".

[list_end]

[subsection {Status Control}]

The instructions in this section directly manipulate ST.

[list_begin definitions]

[def [cmd status_ok]]

This instruction sets ST to [const true], recording a success.

[def [cmd status_fail]]

This instruction sets ST to [const false], recording a failure.

[def [cmd status_negate]]

This instruction negates ST, turning a failure into a success and vice
versa.

[list_end]

[subsection {Location Handling}]

The instructions in this section access CL and LS.

[list_begin definitions]

[def [cmd loc_push]]

This instruction makes a copy of CL and pushes it on LS.

[def [cmd loc_pop_discard]]

This instructions pops the last saved location from LS.

[def [cmd loc_pop_rewind]]

This instruction pops the last saved location from LS and restores it
as CL.

[list_end]

[subsection {Nonterminal Execution}]

The instructions in this section access and manipulate NC.

[list_begin definitions]

[def "[cmd symbol_restore] [arg symbol]"]

This instruction checks if NC contains data for the nonterminal
[arg symbol] at CL, or not. The result of the instruction is a boolean
flag, with [const True] indicating that data was found in the
cache. In that case the instruction has further updated the
architectural state of the machine with the cached information, namely
CL, ST, ER, and SV.

[para]

The method with which the instruction's result is transformed into
control flow is left undefined and the responsibility of the
implementation.

[def "[cmd symbol_save] [arg symbol]"]

This instructions saves the current settings of CL, ST, ER, and SV in
NC, using the pair of nonterminal [arg symbol] and the last location
saved in LS as key.

[list_end]

[subsection {Value Construction}]

The instructions in this section manipulate SV.

[list_begin definitions]
[def [cmd value_clear]]

This instruction clears SV.

[def "[cmd value_leaf] [arg symbol]"]

This instruction constructs an AST node for [arg symbol] covering the
range of IN from one character after the last location saved on LS to
CL and stores it in SV. ...

[def "[cmd value_reduce] [arg symbol]"]

This instruction generally behaves like [cmd value_nonterminal_leaf],
except that it takes all AST nodes on ARS, if any, and makes them the
children of the new node, with the last node saved on ARS becoming the
right-most / last child. Note that ARS is not modfied by this
operation.

[list_end]

[subsection {AST Construction}]

The instructions in this section manipulate ARS and AS.

[list_begin definitions]

[def [cmd ast_value_push]]

This instruction makes a copy of SV and pushes it on ARS.

[def [cmd ast_push]]

This instruction pushes the current state of ARS on AS and then clears
ARS.

[def [cmd ast_pop_rewind]]

This instruction pops the last entry saved on AS and restores it as
the new state of ARS.

[def [cmd ast_pop_discard]]

This instruction pops the last entry saved on AS.

[list_end]

[subsection {Control Flow}]

Normally this section would contain the specifications of the control
flow instructions of the PARAM, i.e. (un)conditional jumps and the
like. However, this part of the PARAM is intentionally left
unspecified. This allows the implementations to freely choose how to
implement control flow.

[para]

The implementation of this machine in Parser Tools, i.e the package
[package pt::rde], is not only coded in Tcl, but also relies on Tcl
commands to provide it with control flow (instructions).

[section {Interaction of the Instructions with the Architectural State}]

[comment {-- in lieu of a true table markup --}]
[example {
Instruction		Inputs				Outputs
======================= =======================		====================
ast_pop_discard		AS			->	AS
ast_pop_rewind		AS			->	AS, ARS
ast_push		ARS, AS			->	AS
ast_value_push		SV, ARS			->	ARS
======================= =======================		====================
error_clear		-			->	ER
error_nonterminal sym	ER, LS			->	ER
error_pop_merge   	ES, ER			->	ER
error_push		ES, ER			->	ES
======================= =======================		====================
input_next msg		IN			->	TC, CL, CC, ST, ER
======================= =======================		====================
loc_pop_discard		LS			->	LS
loc_pop_rewind		LS			->	LS, CL
loc_push		CL, LS			->	LS
======================= =======================		====================
status_fail		-			->	ST
status_negate		ST			->	ST
status_ok		-			->	ST
======================= =======================		====================
symbol_restore sym	NC			->	CL, ST, ER, SV
symbol_save    sym	CL, ST, ER, SV LS	->	NC
======================= =======================		====================
test_alnum  		CC			->	ST, ER
test_alpha		CC			->	ST, ER
test_ascii		CC			->	ST, ER
test_char char		CC			->	ST, ER
test_ddigit		CC			->	ST, ER
test_digit		CC			->	ST, ER
test_graph		CC			->	ST, ER
test_lower		CC			->	ST, ER
test_print		CC			->	ST, ER
test_punct		CC			->	ST, ER
test_range chars chare	CC			->	ST, ER
test_space		CC			->	ST, ER
test_upper		CC			->	ST, ER
test_wordchar		CC			->	ST, ER
test_xdigit		CC			->	ST, ER
======================= =======================		====================
value_clear		-			->	SV
value_leaf symbol	LS, CL			->	SV
value_reduce symbol	ARS, LS, CL		->	SV
======================= =======================		====================
}]

[include include/feedback.inc]
[manpage_end]
